1631 - 1651 (20 years)
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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1636 | - 1636: Tulip mania begins and ceases the following year in a precursor of the 2000 'dot-com' crash
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| 2 | 1639 | - 1639: First Bishops' War between Charles I and the Scottish Church; ends with Pacification of Dunse
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| 3 | 1640 | - 1640: Charles I summons the "Short " Parliament ; dissolved for refusal to grant money; Second Bishops' War; ends with Treaty of Ripon; The Long Parliament begins.
- 1640: Athanasius Kirchner's magic lantern invented
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| 4 | 1641 | - 1641: Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I
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| 5 | 1642 | - 1642: Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament and rejects Parliament's Nineteen Propositions; Civil War (until 1645) begins with battle of Edgehill between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (Parliamentarians)
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| 6 | 1643 | - 1643: Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament
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| 7 | 1644 | - 1644: Battle of Marston Moor; Oliver Cromwell defeats Prince Rupert
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| 8 | 1645 | - 1645: Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
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| 9 | 1646 | - 1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots
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| 10 | 1647 | - 1647: Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots
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| 11 | 1648 | - 1648: Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament); Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
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| 12 | 1649 | - 1649: Charles I is tried and executed; The Commonwealth, in which ; England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660; Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions in Ireland
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| 13 | 1650 | - 1650: Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king
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| 14 | 1651 | - 1651: Thomas Hobbes, in 'Leviathan', argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is "nasty, brutish, and short."
- 1651: Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France; First Navigation Act, England gains virtual monopoly of foreign trade
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